Pham & Taylor, 1999: Reflecting about study habits instead of getting a grade increased exam scores among undergraduates one week later
Reference:
Pham, L. B., & Taylor, S. E. (1999). From thought to action: Effects of process-versus outcome-based mental simulations on performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 250-260.
Download PDFSummary:
Undergraduates asked to mentally simulate the process for doing well on an exam (good study habits), as compared to those asked to simulate a positive outcome (getting a good grade) or those in a control condition, earned higher exam scores 1 week later. The intervention also increased planning, reduced anxiety, and increased studying.
Psychological Process:
What Desired Meaning is At Stake?
What is the Person Trying to Understand?
Selves (My Own and Others')Psychological Question Addressed
How will I accomplish my goals?Psychological Process 2:
Psychological Process 3:
Social Area:
Education
Intervention Technique:
Active reflection, on goals